Crowds and Power

It is always the enemy who started it, even if he was not the first to speak out, he was certainly planning it; and if he was not actually planning it, he was thinking of it; and, if he was not thinking of it, he would have thought of it.

It is only in a crowd that man can become free of this fear of being touched. That is the only situation in which the fear changes into its opposite. The crowd he needs is the dense crowd, in which body is pressed to body; a crowd, too, whose psychical constitution is also dense, or compact, so that he no longer notices who it is that presses against him. As soon as a man has surrendered himself to the crowd, he ceases to fear its touch. Ideally, all are equal there; no distinctions count. Not even that of sex. The man pressed against him is the same as himself He feels him as he feels himself. Suddenly it is as though everything were happening in one and the same body." (15)

The hand which scoops up the water is the first vessel. The fingers of both hands intertwined are the first basket. [p. 217]

A murder shared with many others, which is not only safe and permitted, but indeed recommended, is irresistible to the great majority of men.

...seizing and incorporating...There is nothing about us which is more strongly primitive. [p. 203]

The Englishman likes to imagine himself at sea, the German in a forest. It is impossible to express the difference of their national feeling more concisely.

The crowd is the same everywhere, in all periods and cultures; it remains essentially the same among men of the most diverse origin, education and language. Once in being, it spreads with the utmost violence. Few can resist its contagion; it always wants to go on growing and there are no inherent limits to its growth. It can arise wherever people are together, and its spontaneity and suddenness are uncanny.

Every command leaves behind a painful sting in the person who is forced to carry it out.

THE CROWD, suddenly there where there was nothing before, is a mysterious and universal phenomenon. A few people may have been standing together-five, ten or twelve, not more; nothing has been announced, nothing is expected. Suddenly everywhere is black with people and more come streaming from all sides as though streets had only one direction. Most of them do not know what has happened and, if questioned, have no answer; but they hurry to be there where most other people are. There is a determination in their movement which is quite different from the expression of ordinary curiosity. It seems as though the movement of some of them transmits itself to the others. But that is not all; they have a goal which is there before they can find words for it." (16)

...there is something fluid about [packs] during the course of any individual manifestation. [p. 127]

The hallucinations of alcoholics provide us with an opportunity to study crowds as they appear in the minds of individuals.

A human being who falls down reminds us of an animal we might have hunted and brought down ourselves. Every sudden fall which arouses laughter does so because it suggests helplessness and reminds us that the fallen can, if we want, be treated as prey. If we went further and actually ate it, we would not laugh. We laugh instead of eating it. Laughter is our physical reaction to the escape of potential food.

Entre las cosas más importantes que se van preparando dentro de uno se cuentan los encuentros aplazados. Puede tratarse tanto de lugares como de personas, tanto de cuadros como de libros. Hay ciudades que ansío tanto ver, que es como si estuviese predestinado a pasar en ellas una vida entera, desde el comienzo. Con cien ardides evito ir a esas ciudades, y cada nueva ocasión de visitarlas que dejo pasar acrecienta tanto su importancia en mí, que cabría pensar que estoy en el mundo únicamente en razón de ellas, y que si dichas ciudades, que me siguen aguardando, no existiesen, hace ya mucho tiempo que habría yo perecido. Hay personas sobre las cuales oigo hablar con gusto, y es tanto lo que oigo, y tal la avidez con que lo oigo, que podría pensarse que sé yo más sobre ellas que ellas mismas, pero evito ver alguna foto o cualquier representación visual suya, como si hubiera una prohibición especial y justificada de conocer su rostro. También hay personas con las que durante años me he venido encontrando en un mismo camino, personas sobre las cuales reflexiono, parecidas a enigmas que me hubieran encargado de resolver a mí, y no les dirijo, sin embargo, una sola palabra, paso mudo a su lado como mudas ellas pasan junto a mí, y nos miramos con una mirada que es una pregunta y mantenemos bien cerrados los labios; me imagino nuestra primera conversación, y me emociono al pensar cuántas cosas inesperadas llegaría a conocer. Y hay, finalmente, personas a las que desde hace años vengo amando sin que ellas puedan llegar a barruntarlo; yo me voy haciendo cada vez más viejo, y sin duda tiene que parecer una ilusión absurda el que alguna vez vaya a decirles que las amo, aunque siempre vivo pensando en ese instante magnífico. Sería incapaz de existir sin estos prolijos preparativos de lo futuro; y cuando me examino a mí mismo con detalle, veo que no son para mí menos importantes que las sorpresas súbitas que llegan como si no llegasen de ningún sitio y subyugan en el acto. No me gustaría mencionar los libros para los que todavía me estoy preparando; entre ellos se cuentan algunas de las obras más famosas de la literatura universal, obras de cuya importancia no me permitirá dudar, pues sobre ellas están de acuerdo todos aquellos autores del pasado cuyas opiniones han sido determinantes para mí. Es evidente que, tras haber estado aguardando veinte años, una colisión con esas obras se convierte en algo de enorme importancia; tal vez sólo así resulte posible acceder a esos renacimientos espirituales que nos preserven de las consecuencias de la rutina y la decadencia.

Every command consists of momentum and sting. The momentum forces the recipient to act, and to act in accordance with the content of the command; the sting remains behind in him. When a command functions normally and as one expects, there is nothing to be seen of the sting; it is hidden and unsuspected and may only reveal its existence by some faint, scarcely perceptible recalcitrance before the command obeyed.

When the concept of a dispossessed proletariat was first advanced and began to take effect, it retained the full optimism of increase. No one supposed for a moment that, because their lives were miserable, there ought perhaps to be fewer of them.

What is it that happens in an inflation? The unit of money suddenly loses its identity. The crowd it is part of starts growing and, the larger it becomes, the smaller becomes the worth of each unit. The millions one always wanted are suddenly there in one's hand, but they are no longer millions in fact, but only in name.

We always overrate the man who stands.

No child, not even the most ordinary, forgets or forgives a single one of the commands inflicted on it.

Those most beset by commands are children. It is a miracle that they ever survive the pressure and do not collapse under the burden of the commands laid on them by their parents and teachers. That they in turn, and in equally cruel form, should give identical commands to their children is as natural as mastication or speech.

The deception is complete. It is the deception of all leaders. They pretend that they will be the first to die, but, in reality, they send their people to death, so that they themselves may stay alive longer. The trick is always the same. The leader wants to survive, for with each survival he grows stronger. If he has enemies, so much the better; he survives them. If not, he has his own people. In any event he uses both, whether successively or together. Enemies he can use openly; that is why he has enemies. His own people must be used secretly.

The family becomes rigid and hard when it excludes others from its meals; those that must be fed provide a natural pretext for the exclusion of others. The hollowness of this pretext is revealed by families which have no children and yet make not the slightest move to share their meal with others. The 'family' of two is man's most contemptible creation.

People sit together, bare their teeth and eat and, even in this critical moment, feel no desire to eat each other. They respect themselves for this, and respect their companions for an abstemiousness equal to their own.

The touch to which one resigns oneself because all resistance appears hopeless – and particularly so as regards the future – has, in our society, become the arrest. The feel of the hand of authority on his shoulder is usually enough to make a man give himself up without having to be actually seized. He cowers and goes quietly.

The fingers of the attacker feel what will soon belong to his whole body.

First there is the lying in wait for prey; the prey is marked down long before it is aware of our designs on it. With feelings of pleasure and approval it is contemplated, observed and kept watch over; it is seen as meat whilst it is still alive, and so intensely and irrevocably seen as meat that nothing can deflect the watcher's determination to get hold of it. Already while he is prowling round it he feels that it belongs to him. From the moment he selects it as his prey, he thinks of it as incorporated into himself.

Disgust at collective killing is of very recent date and should not be over-estimated. Today everyone takes part in public executions through the newspapers. Like everything else, however, it is more comfortable than it was. We sit peacefully at home and, out of a hundred details, can choose those to linger over which offer a special thrill. We only applaud when everything is over and there is no feeling of guilty connivance to spoil our pleasure.

A crowd exists so long as it has an unattained goal.

There is nothing that man fears more than the touch of the unknown. He wants to see what is reaching towards him, and to be able to recognize or at least classify it. Man always tends to avoid physical contact with anything strange. In the dark, the fear of an unexpected touch can mount to panic. Even clothes give insufficient security: it is easy to tear them and pierce through to the naked, smooth, defenceless flesh of the victim.

ONE OF THE most striking traits of the inner life of a crowd is the feeling of being persecuted, a peculiar angry sensitiveness and irritability directed against those it has once and forever nominated as enemies.

Power has never lacked eulogists, and historians, who are professionally obsessed with it, can explain anything, either by the times (disguising their adulation as scholarship), or by necessity, which, in their hands, can assume any and every shape.